This period also saw the arrival of the Corded Ware culture, which brought new weapons, tools and an Indo-European dialect, from which later the Norwegian language developed. The break-through occurred between 29 BCE, when oats, barley, pigs, cattle, sheep and goats became common and spread as far north as Alta. 4000 BCE around the Oslofjord, with technology from southern Scandinavia. The first farming, and thus the start of the Neolithic period, began ca. 4000 BCE people in the north started using slate tools, earthenware, skis, sleds and large skin boats. The oldest human skeleton ever discovered in Norway was found in shallow water off Sogne in 1994 and has been carbon dated to 6,600 BCE. 7000 BCE, when a warmer climate led to increased forestation and new species of mammals for hunting. The Nøstvet culture took over from the Fosna culture ca. The Stone Age is evidenced by the Komsa culture in Troms and Finnmark and the Fosna culture further south. Increased ice receding from 8000 BCE led to settlement along the entire coastline. These early inhabitants were nomadic, and by 9300 BCE they were already settled as far north as Magerøya. The first immigration took place during this period as the Norwegian coast offered rich opportunities for sealing, fishing, and hunting. Norway's coastline rose from glaciation with the end of the last glacial period about 12,000 BCE. By reinvesting its oil revenues, Norway had the world's largest sovereign wealth fund in 2017. From the 1980s Norway started deregulation in many sectors, and in 1989–1990 experienced a banking crisis.īy the 21st century, Norway became one of the world's most prosperous countries with oil and gas production accounting for 20 percent of its economy. ![]() This resulted in a large increase of wealth. Oil was discovered in 1969 and by 1995 Norway was the world's second-largest exporter. Germany occupied Norway between 19 during the Second World War, after which Norway joined NATO and underwent a period of reconstruction under public planning. The following decades saw a fluctuating economy and the rise of the labor movement. Shipping and hydroelectricity were important sources of income for the country. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians such as Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen carried out important polar expeditions. The union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905. In 1884 the king appointed Johan Sverdrup as prime minister, thus establishing parliamentarism. Industrialization started in the 1840s, and from the 1860s large-scale emigration to North America took place. The union was formally established after the extraordinary Storting adopted the necessary amendments to the Constitution and elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. After a short war with Sweden, the countries concluded the Convention of Moss, in which Norway accepted a personal union with Sweden, keeping its Constitution, Storting and separate institutions, except for the foreign service. However, no foreign powers recognized the Norwegian independence but supported the Swedish demand for Norway to comply with the treaty of Kiel. Norway declared its independence and adopted a constitution. In 1814, after being on the losing side of the Napoleonic Wars with Denmark, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel. The Reformation was introduced in 1537 and absolute monarchy imposed in 1661. Norway entered the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden in 1397.Īfter Sweden left the union in 1523, Norway became the junior partner in Denmark–Norway. Bergen became the main trading port, controlled by the Hanseatic League. The population expanded quickly until 1349 (Oslo: 3,000 Bergen: 7,000 Trondheim: 4,000) when it was halved by the Black Death and successive plagues. Christianization was completed during the 11th century and Nidaros became an archdiocese. ![]() The Viking Age also saw the unification of the country. From the 8th century Norwegians started expanding across the seas to the British Isles and later Iceland and Greenland. The Migration Period caused the first chieftains to take control and hilltop forts to be constructed. Gradually, between 1500 BC and 500 BC, agricultural settlements spread to the entire south Norway, while the inhabitants of the regions north of Trøndelag continued to hunt and fish. ![]() Between 5,000 BC and 4,000 BC the earliest agricultural settlements appeared around the Oslofjord. They were hunter-gatherers whose diet included seafood and game, particularly reindeer as staple foods. They traveled steadily northwards along the coastal areas, warmed by the Gulf Stream. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat inland of the great ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway. The history of Norway has been influenced to an extraordinary degree by the terrain and the climate of the region.
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